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英语基础

【 发布作者 TC11755】

 

句法
 
1.要素:
核心动词   +   意群   +    顺序
Sing a song, please. (Please sing a song.)     请唱首歌。
2.基本形式:
状态句:谁(什么、哪个)   怎么样 / 在哪  
who (what, which) + be (become, go, turn, etc)
I am eight.                                                    我八岁。
The flower is red.                                         花是红的。
I am at home.                                                我在家里。
The book is on the table.                               书在桌上。
动作句:谁(什么、哪个)   做      什么(谁、哪个)
who (what, which)   + verb   +  what (who, which)
I  go    to school.                                      我上学。
I  read  a book.                                          我读书。
3.完整结构:
谁(什么、哪个)     + 做  + 什么(谁、哪个)    + 如何做 + 在哪做 + 何时做
Who (what, which)  + do  + what (who, which)   + how   + where + when
 
何时做 + 谁(什么、哪个)     + 做  + 什么(谁、哪个)    + 如何做 + 在哪做
When + who (what, which)    + do + what (who, which)   + how   + where
 
I go to school every day.                                                        我每天上学去。
I do my homework at seven o’clock.                                      我七点做作业。
I read a book in the classroom.                                              我在教室读书。
He runs along the street.                                                       他沿着街道跑。
I read the book loudly.                                                           我大声读书。
They play football happily in the playground at four o’clock.   四点钟他们在操场愉快地踢足球。
 
4.句子成分(以意群为单位):
谓语:中心动作动词 do
主语:中心动作的执行者who (what, which)
宾语:中心动作的承受者(对象) who (what, which)
状语:对动作的修饰意群(时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较)
 
语序:主语       + 谓语  + 宾语             + 方式状语  + 地点状语   + 时间状语
序号:  1            2           3              4           5           6
Who (what, which) +  do   + what (who, which)  + how      + where     + when
 
辅助成分(意群内)
定语:限定或修饰主语、宾语的意群
补语:补充说明主语、宾语的意群
介词宾语:介词后用名词,共同组成介词词组,名词叫介词宾语
 
5.非谓语动词结构(类句子结构意群):
l 不定式短语 to do                    将要去做,表示目的
l 现在分词短语 doing                正在做,表示伴随或
l 过去分词短语done                  被做,表示限定或补充
l 动名词短语doing                     动词名词化
l 系表短语(省略be) adj              补充说明
非谓语动词的完整结构:
逻辑主语(或省略)  + 非谓语动词       + 宾语      + 方式状语   + 地点状语   + 时间状语
Who                         + to do                 + what           +  how         +  where          +  when
What                          doing                 who
Which                        done                  which
                                  adj.
 
6.句子理解要点:
l 提出句子骨骼:主谓宾(简化句子),找出谓语修饰意群,确定非谓语动词意群及其逻辑主语
l 倒装句:谓语在主语前
l 确定定语、补语的修饰主体
l 省略句要保留不重复的部分。
 
7.句子种类:
陈述句(肯定、否定);疑问句(一般、特殊);祈使句
特殊疑问句要转化为陈述句语序以理解疑问词所作的成分。
 
8.语态、语气:
被动态:宾语作主语,be done (时态由be转化)
       am/is/are done,           was /were done,           will/shall be done         would be done
       am/is/are/was/were being done                         have/has/had been done
       have been being done
l The singer is loved by everyone.                          
       Everyone loves that singer.                                     
l The email was sent to you (by me) yesterday.       
       I sent the email to you yesterday.                            
 
虚拟语气:与事实相反的表述(过去时,过去将来时)
       were/was/did               should/would do            had done
l If I were you, I would go there.                             如果我是你,我就去那。(不是)
l If I had time, I would attend the meeting.             如果我有时间,我会出席会议的。(没时间)
l If you had taken my advice, you would not        如果听取了我的建议,你就不会考不过了。
 have failed in the exam.                                      (没听)
l I wish I had stayed there longer.                            我希望在那呆了更久些。(没呆)
l If only I were a bird!                                                我要是一只鸟就好了!(不是)


词法
 
1.分类及作用:
l 名词 n.              人或物的名称,担任主语、宾语 (可数/不可数;单/复数)
l 动词 v.              动作或状态,担任谓语 (原形、现在式、过去式、过去分词)
l 代词 pron.         代替名词或数词,担任主语、宾语 (主格/宾格)
l 形容词 adj.        表示人或物的特征,担任定语、表语、补语 (原级/比较级/最高级)
l 副词 adv.          表示动作或状态的特征,担任状语 (原级/比较级/最高级)
l 数词 num.         表示数量及顺序,担任主语、宾语、定语 (基数/序数)
l 介词 prep.         在名词或代词前,说明关系,所组成的介词词组相当于形容词或副词
l 连词 conj.         用来词与词、句与句的连接,表明相互之间的关系(并列、从属)
l 冠词 art.            用在名词前,说明某种含义 (不定冠词/定冠词)
l 感叹词 interj.     表示感情及口气
 
2.多词性:同一个词可有不同的词性,同形不同性,担当不同的成分。
 
3.衍变:基础词与前缀或后缀结合派生出不同词性的新词,形相似,意相联。
 
4.词组:几个词连在一起,具有固定含意,整体可作为一个词使用
名词词组 =  名词、形容词、副词
动词词组 =  动词
形容词组 =  形容词、副词
介词词组 =  形容词、副词
从    句 =  形容词、副词、名词
 
5.词缀:
 前缀:改变词义----反义、加强……
后缀:改变词性----构成名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词……
 
6.词根:
一组字母表示固定的含义,可用于推测生词词义,快速扩充词汇量
 
7.要点:
熟记句子的各个成分可由什么词来担任,词的派生(前缀、后缀、常用词根)


时态
 
1.概念:
时:动作发生的时间:(过去的过去)过去,过去的将来,现在,将来
态:动作进行的状态:一般、进行、完成、完成进行
2.涵义:
时态反映了动作发生时间及影响,以及多个动作的相互关联
一般态:                     经常发生,陈述事实
进行态:                     正在发生,动态描述
完成态:                     发生完毕,强调对后续的影响
完成进行态:              先前发生,强调持续不断地进行
3.时间轴:
句子中有一确定的时间参照点——参照真实时间,或假定的现在
谓语时的确定:依据发生时间与参照点的顺序及相互关联而定
时间的表示:动词变形 + 时间状语
4.时间跨越(不连续)
两个动作发生的时间不连续,跨越一个时间段
5.时态总表

            状态
时间     
一般态
进行态
完成态
完成进行态
标识性时间状语
时间原形
be doing
have done
have been doing
现在时
时间标识词
do/does
am/is/are
have/has
 
 
 
 
过去时
时间标识词
did
was/were
had
 
 
 
 
将来时
时间标识词
will/shall
 
 
 
 
过去
将来时
时间标识词
would/should
 
 
 
 

 
 1)时态 = 发生时间 + 动词状态(时间为先,即:…时…态)
 2
)时间状语与时态一致。 
 3
)时间标识词即为该时态的助动词。
 4
)情态动词也可与动词状态式组合。

现在
时
 He does his homework every day.
 He is a teacher.
 He has an interesting book.
 He is reading a story now.
 He has been a teacher since 1990.
 He has been doing his homework this morning.
 He may have finished his work by now.
过去
时
 He did his homework yesterday.
 He was a teacher five years ago.
 He had an interesting book last week.
将来
时
 He will do his homework tomorrow.
 He will be a teacher next year.
 He will be doing his homework at this time tomorrow.
 He will have finished his work by the end of this week.
过去
将来
时
 He said he would do his homework the following day.

 
I am a university student. I study English every day.
I have learnt English for several years. I started learning it when I was at middle school. I have been learning English since 2005.
When I was a middle school student, I thought I would go to a university after I finished high school. I would have been studying my favourite subject for four years and I would have had my university degree.
I took the entrance exam, but I did not do a good job. I had to take the NCC IFY programme. Now I know I must study English much harder as I will go abroad in the future. I am doing quite well and I have learnt how to study. I will learn more in the next a few years. I hope I shall pass the exams and obtain the certificates.
I believe I will go to a British university in 2010. By then I will have finished all NCC courses and will be able to study abroad on my own. I know London will hold the 30th Olympic Games in 2012. I will be staying in Britain at that time. I expect to be a volunteer to the Olympics. I will have been serving the Games for about two weeks then. By that I will have learnt more about the Olympics.
However, everything depends on how I am doing and will do in my study in the future. Go ahead and I will succeed.