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英语基础

【 发布作者 TC11755

 

句法
 
1.要素:
核心动词   +   意群   +    顺序
Sing a song, please. (Please sing a song.)     请唱首歌。
2.基本形式:
状态句(什么、哪个)   怎么样 / 在哪  
who (what, which) + be (become, go, turn, etc)
I am eight.                                                    我八岁。
The flower is red.                                         花是红的。
I am at home.                                                我在家里。
The book is on the table.                               书在桌上。
动作句(什么、哪个)         什么(谁、哪个)
who (what, which)   + verb   +  what (who, which)
I  go    to school.                                      我上学。
I  read  a book.                                          我读书。
3.完整结构:
(什么、哪个)     +  + 什么(谁、哪个)    + 如何做 + 在哪做 + 何时做
Who (what, which)  + do  + what (who, which)   + how   + where + when
 
何时做 + (什么、哪个)     +  + 什么(谁、哪个)    + 如何做 + 在哪做
When + who (what, which)    + do + what (who, which)   + how   + where
 
I go to school every day.                                                        我每天上学去。
I do my homework at seven o’clock.                                      我七点做作业。
I read a book in the classroom.                                              我在教室读书。
He runs along the street.                                                       他沿着街道跑。
I read the book loudly.                                                           我大声读书。
They play football happily in the playground at four o’clock.   四点钟他们在操场愉快地踢足球。
 
4.句子成分(以意群为单位)
谓语:中心动作动词 do
主语:中心动作的执行者who (what, which)
宾语:中心动作的承受者(对象) who (what, which)
状语:对动作的修饰意群(时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较)
 
语序:主语       + 谓语  + 宾语             + 方式状语  + 地点状语   + 时间状语
序号:  1            2           3              4           5           6
Who (what, which) +  do   + what (who, which)  + how      + where     + when
 
辅助成分(意群内)
定语:限定或修饰主语、宾语的意群
补语:补充说明主语、宾语的意群
介词宾语:介词后用名词,共同组成介词词组,名词叫介词宾语
 
5.非谓语动词结构(类句子结构意群)
不定式短语 to do                    将要去做,表示目的
现在分词短语 doing                正在做,表示伴随或
过去分词短语done                  被做,表示限定或补充
动名词短语doing                     动词名词化
系表短语(省略be) adj              补充说明
非谓语动词的完整结构:
逻辑主语(或省略)  + 非谓语动词       + 宾语      + 方式状语   + 地点状语   + 时间状语
Who                         + to do                 + what           +  how         +  where          +  when
What                          doing                 who
Which                        done                  which
                                  adj.
 
6.句子理解要点:
提出句子骨骼:主谓宾(简化句子),找出谓语修饰意群,确定非谓语动词意群及其逻辑主语
倒装句:谓语在主语前
确定定语、补语的修饰主体
省略句要保留不重复的部分。
 
7.句子种类:
陈述句(肯定、否定);疑问句(一般、特殊);祈使句
特殊疑问句要转化为陈述句语序以理解疑问词所作的成分。
 
8.语态、语气:
被动态:宾语作主语,be done (时态由be转化)
       am/is/are done,           was /were done,           will/shall be done         would be done
       am/is/are/was/were being done                         have/has/had been done
       have been being done
The singer is loved by everyone.                          
       Everyone loves that singer.                                     
The email was sent to you (by me) yesterday.       
       I sent the email to you yesterday.                            
 
虚拟语气:与事实相反的表述(过去时,过去将来时)
       were/was/did               should/would do            had done
If I were you, I would go there.                             如果我是你,我就去那。(不是)
If I had time, I would attend the meeting.             如果我有时间,我会出席会议的。(没时间)
If you had taken my advice, you would not        如果听取了我的建议,你就不会考不过了。
 have failed in the exam.                                      (没听)
I wish I had stayed there longer.                            我希望在那呆了更久些。(没呆)
If only I were a bird!                                                我要是一只鸟就好了!(不是)


词法
 
1.分类及作用:
名词 n.              人或物的名称,担任主语、宾语 (可数/不可数;单/复数)
动词 v.              动作或状态,担任谓语 (原形、现在式、过去式、过去分词)
代词 pron.         代替名词或数词,担任主语、宾语 (主格/宾格)
形容词 adj.        表示人或物的特征,担任定语、表语、补语 (原级/比较级/最高级)
副词 adv.          表示动作或状态的特征,担任状语 (原级/比较级/最高级)
数词 num.         表示数量及顺序,担任主语、宾语、定语 (基数/序数)
介词 prep.         在名词或代词前,说明关系,所组成的介词词组相当于形容词或副词
连词 conj.         用来词与词、句与句的连接,表明相互之间的关系(并列、从属)
冠词 art.            用在名词前,说明某种含义 (不定冠词/定冠词)
感叹词 interj.     表示感情及口气
 
2.多词性:同一个词可有不同的词性,同形不同性,担当不同的成分。
 
3.衍变:基础词与前缀或后缀结合派生出不同词性的新词,形相似,意相联。
 
4.词组:几个词连在一起,具有固定含意,整体可作为一个词使用
名词词组 =  名词、形容词、副词
动词词组 =  动词
形容词组 =  形容词、副词
介词词组 =  形容词、副词
     =  形容词、副词、名词
 
5.词缀:
 前缀:改变词义----反义、加强……
后缀:改变词性----构成名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词……
 
6.词根:
一组字母表示固定的含义,可用于推测生词词义,快速扩充词汇量
 
7.要点:
熟记句子的各个成分可由什么词来担任,词的派生(前缀、后缀、常用词根)


时态
 
1.概念:
时:动作发生的时间:(过去的过去)过去,过去的将来,现在,将来
态:动作进行的状态:一般、进行、完成、完成进行
2.涵义:
时态反映了动作发生时间及影响,以及多个动作的相互关联
一般态:                     经常发生,陈述事实
进行态:                     正在发生,动态描述
完成态:                     发生完毕,强调对后续的影响
完成进行态:              先前发生,强调持续不断地进行
3.时间轴:
句子中有一确定的时间参照点——参照真实时间,或假定的现在
谓语时的确定:依据发生时间与参照点的顺序及相互关联而定
时间的表示:动词变形 + 时间状语
4.时间跨越(不连续)
两个动作发生的时间不连续,跨越一个时间段
5.时态总表

            状态
时间     
一般态
进行态
完成态
完成进行态
标识性时间状语
时间原形
be doing
have done
have been doing
现在时
时间标识词
do/does
am/is/are
have/has
 
 
 
 
过去时
时间标识词
did
was/were
had
 
 
 
 
将来时
时间标识词
will/shall
 
 
 
 
过去
将来时
时间标识词
would/should
 
 
 
 

 
 1时态 = 发生时间 + 动词状态(时间为先,即:态)
 2
时间状语与时态一致。 
 3
时间标识词即为该时态的助动词。
 4
情态动词也可与动词状态式组合。

现在
 He does his homework every day.
 He is a teacher.
 He has an interesting book.
 He is reading a story now.
 He has been a teacher since 1990.
 He has been doing his homework this morning.
 He may have finished his work by now.
过去
 He did his homework yesterday.
 He was a teacher five years ago.
 He had an interesting book last week.
将来
 He will do his homework tomorrow.
 He will be a teacher next year.
 He will be doing his homework at this time tomorrow.
 He will have finished his work by the end of this week.
过去
将来
 He said he would do his homework the following day.

 
I am a university student. I study English every day.
I have learnt English for several years. I started learning it when I was at middle school. I have been learning English since 2005.
When I was a middle school student, I thought I would go to a university after I finished high school. I would have been studying my favourite subject for four years and I would have had my university degree.
I took the entrance exam, but I did not do a good job. I had to take the NCC IFY programme. Now I know I must study English much harder as I will go abroad in the future. I am doing quite well and I have learnt how to study. I will learn more in the next a few years. I hope I shall pass the exams and obtain the certificates.
I believe I will go to a British university in 2010. By then I will have finished all NCC courses and will be able to study abroad on my own. I know London will hold the 30th Olympic Games in 2012. I will be staying in Britain at that time. I expect to be a volunteer to the Olympics. I will have been serving the Games for about two weeks then. By that I will have learnt more about the Olympics.
However, everything depends on how I am doing and will do in my study in the future. Go ahead and I will succeed.